给未怀孕的成年马驱虫的最基本程序

Adult Horses 成年马

A faecal worm egg count in the Spring, Summer and Autumn with any horses showing a positive result wormed with Ivermectin.
在春季、夏季、秋季对任何粪便虫卵检呈阳性的马用伊维菌素（Ivermectin）

A wormer containing Moxidectin, Praziquantel and Oxfendazole is used in the winter. This kills Roundworms, encysted Roundworms, Bots, Tapeworms and Pinworms.
含有莫西克丁（Moxidectin）, 吡喹酮（Praziquantel） 和奥芬达唑（Oxfendazole）的驱虫药是用于冬季的。这种药能杀死蛔（Roundworms），被包裹的蛔虫，蝇蛆， 绦虫，蛲虫。

Consider a second dose of Praziquantel and a double dose of Pyrantel in Summer to treat tapeworms.
在夏季，针对绦虫可考虑用第二剂吡喹酮（Praziquantel），和两剂噻吩嘧啶（Pyrantel）

针对“怀孕母马”和“马驹"     Pregnant mares and foals

Specific worming schedules for pregnant mares and foals need to be implemented in breeding programmes where the foals will be at risk if the correct procedures are not followed. The worm issues that a horse on free range pasture in Xinjiang, in a stable in warm humid Chongqing or cold dry Beijing are quite different. This is why there is not a “one size fits all” worm control recommendation and why it is important to understand what types of worms your horse is infected with.
针对“怀孕母马”和“马驹”的特别的驱虫计划需要落实到具体的繁育计划中，落实到那些如果“如果没遵循正确步骤，马驹就可能面临危险”的环节。在马匹放养在牧场的新疆，马匹圈养在马厩的重庆，又或是干冷的北京所面临的寄生虫问题都是不同的，这也是为何寄生虫控制计划的“万灵配方”是不存在的，这亦是为何“了解你的马存在什么类型的寄生虫”是如此重要。

Below is a table summarizing the anthelmintic drugs in use today and the species of worms they will kill. This list will be updated from time to time as scientists discover that worms develop resistance to drugs and it becomes necessary to increase the dosage to get the same effect.
下表是一个简单的总结：当今可用的驱虫药，以及所能驱除的寄生虫的概览表。这个列表随着时间而不管更新；随着科学家对寄生虫产生成抗药性的研究发言， 增加驱虫药的剂量使其能发挥功效就非常有必要了。



Resistance to equine wormers 马匹寄生虫的抗药性

As mentioned above, cyathostomes have become resistant to many of our equine wormers other than ivermectin and moxidectin, and long term exclusive use of these two products will eventually lead to worms becoming resistant to them as well. Therefore be aware of several important points relating to cyathostomes becoming resistant to equine wormers:
正如我在上文提到的，盅口线虫对除了伊维菌素和莫西菌素以外的很多驱虫药都有抗药性，但如果长期仅使用这两种药，盅口线虫最终也能发展出抗药性。因此，我们需要谨记关于“盅口线虫对驱虫药产生抗药性”的一些要点：

01
Use of the same wormer (or related wormers) three or more times per year increases the risk for the development of resistance. However, many horses must be wormed at least three times per year, thus some sort of drug rotation becomes necessary.
在一年中，如果使用同一种驱虫药（或者同类的驱虫药）三次以上，那么寄生虫产生抗药性的风险会更大。然而，很多马每年至少需要接受3次驱虫治疗，那么，交替用药就非常有必要了。

02
A rapid rotation of between different wormers likely will induce multi-drug resistance in the worms, so one must not switch between different kinds of wormers at every treatment. Try instead to use the same wormer 3 or 4 times before switching
交替使用两种不同的驱虫药可能诱发寄生虫对多种药物的抗药性。因此每一次的驱虫治疗中，不要交替使用不同类型的驱虫药。尝试着在使用过一种驱虫药3，4次以后，在换另一种。

03
Switching between different wormers in the same “family of drugs” does not prevent resistance. You must switch to a different family of wormers. Currrently we only have three families of equine wormers available to us:
交替使用“同一家族”的驱虫药不能防止抗药性的产生。你必须交替使用来自不同“家族”的驱虫药。目前，针对马的驱虫药，有三大“家族”：

家族一：
苯并咪唑类（Benzimidazoles）
i. 苯硫哒唑（Fenbendazole）
ii. 奥芬达唑（Oxfendazole）
iii. 氧苯达唑（Oxibendazole ）
iv. 苯硫胍（Febantel ）

家族二:
噻吩嘧啶盐（Pyrantel Salts ）
i. 噻吩嘧啶思波酸盐（Pyrantel pamoate ）
ii. 酒石酸噻嘧啶（Pyranteltartrate）

家族三:
大环内酯类（Macrolides）
i. 伊维菌素（Ivermectin ）
ii. 莫西菌素（Moxidectin）

04
Under-dosing horses (giving them too little drug) greatly increases the likelihood that resistant worms will develop. A little extra is much better than too little.
用量不够（给马太小的剂量）大大增加寄生虫发展出抗药性的可能性。药物用量稍微多点比太少好。

05
Tube worming does not make a wormer any more effective or reduce the speed at which resistance will develop.
通过针打药并不会让驱虫药见效更好更快，反而会促进抗药性的产生

06
Good management practices reduce the build up of parasites in the first place, thereby reducing the need to administer drugs:
a)Do not put too many horses in a small pasture. The closer a pasture is grazed so the grass is very short, the more worm larvae a horse ingests with each mouthful of grass.
b) Rest pastures and pick up all the manure daily from pastures, yards, stables and turnout areas.
好的寄生虫管理计划能在一开始就降低寄生虫的数量，因此也降低了对驱虫药的需求。
a)不要在小围场里放入太多的马。草场被过度啃食，草越短，那么越多的寄生虫幼虫会随着草被马吃进去。
b)重新管理草场,每天清理草场、院子、马厩、放牧场的粪便。

07
Reducing the frequency and intensity of worming to the minimum necessary to control parasites .
尽可能降低驱虫药使用的频率和强度，尽可能降低驱虫的必要性。

08
a)Try to limit your worming efforts in adult horses to the peak worm season rather than worming year round.
针对成年马，与其全年驱虫，不如选择在寄生虫爆发的高峰期驱虫，以尽量减少驱虫次数。

b) Selectively treat adult horses (4 years and older) based on the amount of worm eggs shed in each individual horse's manure. Veterinarians in Scotland found that nearly 90% of the total worm eggs shed by a herd of horses were shed by only 20% of horses in the herd. If possible, identify the offending horses and target them for more aggressive worming (or sale) while reducing the frequency of worming for the remaining 80% of the adult horses in the herd.
根据粪检结果——粪便中寄生虫卵的数量来有选择性的治疗成年马（4岁和4岁以上的马）。苏格兰兽医研究发现，近寄生虫卵中有近90%都是由马群中20％的马散播的。如果有可能，找出有问题的马，用更有效的驱虫药给它们治疗。这样能减少马群中另外80%的马接受驱虫药的次数。






来源： 关于马的一切——Dr.K的小课堂